ISPEC International Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities

The Anatolian Collaboration Model as an Economic Organization Model: A Comparative Analysis with Asian Models

Yusuf Kemal ÖZTÜRK — 2024-12-17

Today, class popular movements and collective movements are terminologically confused with each other.The emergence of collective modeling with working class movements in Europe Since it occurred, it is seen as against private property as an enemy of private property and capital. The teachings of Karl Marx about socialism were incorrectly applied in Russia during the Bolshevik revolution and attempts were made to forcibly adopt a one-party dictatorship for the people. This idea, which is fed by the theory of evolution, has brought blood and tears to humanity with social darwinism.

In fact, mixed economic modeling has emerged in the Islamic geography. At the beginning of the Karmati movement, equality and justice aimed at a common life, but later it moved away from this goal. But imece culture, which is the common organizational modeling of the Turkish and Turanian civilizations that struggle to exist together in the harsh conditions of the steppe in Central Asia, has appeared as the common denominator of the villagers' common life in all regions of our Anatolia to this day. Hospitality, imece, common product harvest, peace and brotherhood spirit are the most basic expenses of our country in all regions of our main hail. A society bound to each other by an oath of brotherhood for thousands of years, our country has faced social, cultural and economic problems due to our inability to reflect this imece model in agricultural organizations and production units.

After the second world war, the marshall aid and the misunderstanding of mechanized agriculture caused the weakening of imece culture and the weakening of collective consciousness. In this, the weakening of national consciousness with the closure of village institutes and the dominance of capitalist and liberal ideas have played a major role.

Imece cooperative culture comes across as the most beautiful example of the spirit of peace and brotherhood that exists in our Anatolia. This spirit comes across Decently as the most important values that have held us together for centuries.

After our country emerged victorious from the war of independence, it applied the mixed economy-based statecraft model by attaching importance to domestic production and national education.In this process, our country has successfully implemented the mixed economy and statehood model. However, after the second world years, serious mistakes were made in abandoning the statist and mixed economic model and switching to a liberal and planned economy instead.

The adaptation of the Turkish education system to the western education model with the fulbright agreement has revealed various results. The closure of village institutes and the abandonment of the imece cooperative model have brought with them serious problems.

Migration from rural to urban areas has accelerated in Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia due to the equitable distribution of lands and divisions in the inheritance law. For this reason, the increase in criminal and mafia organizations and the culture of ghettoization have become dominant in cities.

In our study, we will investigate the Asian development models and collective modeling applied in the world,the applicability of the imece cooperative model, which is a good example of Turkish and Islamic culture in cooperative and agricultural enterprises. We will compare the reasons for the failure of the Asian collective models and the search for solutions with the imece cooperative model. We will investigate the importance of imec in the development of the most ideal agricultural production model.

Mathematical and Probabilistic Reasoning Relationship: A Correlational Analysis of the Cognitive Competencies of Seventh Grade Primary School Students

Zekai DEMİRDELEN — 2024-12-17

One of the main tools for the development of thinking skills is mathematics. For this reason, mathematics contains a mental necessity to perform the act of thought. Mathematical reasoning; It is the process of reaching a logical conclusion by overcoming the limits of the act of thought, analyzing all aspects of the relevant event, problem or situation. In this context, the effectiveness of the cognitive analysis process is closely related to the reasoning used to evaluate the probability of occurrence of events. Thus, mathematical reasoning involves the ability to analyze complex situations and correctly interpret the results of those analyses. In this case, it develops the ability to cope with situations involving uncertainty. Because probabilistic reasoning; It requires careful, intuitive and critical thinking, a strong mathematical language skill, and the ability to make logical inferences. In this context, it is realized by using probabilistic and mathematical reasoning skills together to make more effective decisions. The main objective of the research is to examine the probabilistic and mathematical reasoning skill levels of primary school 7th grade Bilsem students and the relationship between skills. In the study, the correlational model with the relational survey model was used. In the 2023-2024 academic year, the seventh grade of primary education at the Science and Art Center in Osmaniye was carried out with 69 students. "Mathematical Reasoning Skill Level Determination Scale" and "Probabilistic Reasoning Skill Level Determination Scale" are the data collection tools of the research and are the tools developed with the information obtained from the literature sources and are authorized for use. Most of the students participating in the study were above the average level of probabilistic reasoning skills and mathematical reasoning skills, and a strong and statistically significant relationship between these two skills was determined as a result of the analysis.

8th Grade Students Misconcept on Square Root Numbers

Yeliz ÇELEN — 2024-12-17

This research aims to identify the misconceptions experienced by eighth grade primary school students regarding the subject of square root numbers in mathematics course. This research is a descriptive survey model and qualitative research methods were used in the research. The research population consists of 28 randomly selected students at a public school in Samsun in the 2022-2023 academic year. In the study, a diagnostic test prepared by the researcher was used to collect the data obtained from the students. As a result of the data obtained from the research, the reasons for the misconceptions experienced by the students were grouped according to Graeber and Johnson's classification, and it was generally observed that the students experienced misconceptions caused by incorrect translation.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Case Report

Şura BOZKURT — 2024-12-17

In this case report, the treatment process of a 15-year-old female client with cognitive behavioural therapy who showed symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder according to DSM-5 diagnostic criteria was discussed. It is explained how the obsessions and compulsions that accompany the client's anger and anxiety problems, which she sees primarily as a problem, are handled with the cognitive behavioural therapy approach. A total of 12 sessions of interviews were held with the client. Firstly, information about the disease was given and psychoeducational techniques were applied. Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a disorder that manifests itself in different areas of life and has physical symptoms such as excessive worry, inability to concentrate, and muscle tension. One of the treatment methods known to be effective in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder is cognitive behavioural therapy. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is frequently used in the treatment of psychopathologies and draws attention to the relationship between thoughts, behaviour and emotions. As a result of the interventions made during the treatment, there were changes in thought and behavioural dimensions. It seems that more studies on generalized anxiety disorder are needed in cognitive behavioural therapy. The procedure followed during the treatment process and the results are included in the discussion section.

Cognitive Behavior Therapy in OCPD and Anxiety Disorder: A Case Report

Aleyna ASUTAY — 2024-12-17

A 22-year-old male client who meets the diagnostic criteria for obsessive compulsive personality disorder of the diagnostic measures used in DSM 5 and has this diagnosis also has anxiety. This article describes the cognitive behavioral therapy process applied to the client. The client is extremely controlling and perfectionist. Thoughts of failure, fear of not being liked, being deceived are constantly passing through his mind, and there is a constant effort to get into the eyes of others. A person is in a strict thinking structure. He is so busy achieving perfection that he cannot stay in the flow. His head is constantly filled with excellent behaviors and thoughts that suit him. The person also mentioned that he has no free time, that he is preparing for the exam, that he works very regularly. From the moment he was diagnosed with the disease, he started therapy thinking that his life had never gone the way he wanted, his life had become difficult, which he was not satisfied with. Cognitive behavioral therapy method was applied to the client due to the separation and analysis of complex and rigid thoughts in the behavioral thoughts and cognitions of the person. It has been ensured that the cause of the anxieties he has experienced due to his illness and life has become more understandable in his thoughts and in his behavior, which he reflects, in his appearance

The Effect of Wooden Floor Coverings in Offices on Users' Perceptual Evaluations

Kemal YILDIRIM — 2024-12-17

This study focuses on determining the effects of two different laminate flooring (bamboo, walnut) used on the floors of private offices on the participants' perceptual evaluations of environmental factors. For this purpose, a questionnaire was applied to 188 participants to determine the effects of bamboo and walnut laminate flooring on environmental perception. As a result, it was found that the environmental factors of the office with dark walnut laminate flooring were perceived as more beautiful and attractive than the office with light bamboo laminate flooring, but the environmental factors of the office with bamboo laminate flooring were perceived as warmer, bright, spacious, spacious, friendly, harmonious, well-planned, large, free, simple, sparse and orderly than the office with walnut laminate flooring. In addition, it has been determined that architects and interior architects, women and 36-50 age group participants perceive the environmental factors of offices more negatively than other professions, men and 25-35 age group participants. For this reason, knowing the positive/negative effects that may occur during use is necessary before making a design decision.

Digitalization of Geography Education Effective Use of Social Media Platforms Instagram Example

Cansu TAŞKAN — 2024-12-17

Abstract
The impact of digital technologies on education has significantly increased, with the integration of social media platforms reshaping teaching methods and student interactions. Beyond facilitating rapid information sharing and interactive learning processes, social media tools have redefined engagement and participation in educational contexts. Understanding the role of social media in geography education is crucial for evaluating the opportunities and challenges posed by digitalization in this field.

This study aims to examine the effects of social media tools on students' learning processes, perceptions, and engagement in geography education. Adopting a phenomenological approach, data were collected through semi-structured interviews focusing on themes such as social media experiences, impacts on learning, participation and interaction levels, emotional and cognitive responses, advantages, and challenges. Participants' evaluations provided comprehensive insights into the role and potential implications of social media in educational contexts.

A review of the literature revealed a limited focus on social media usage within geography education, with most applications confined to private courses and commercial activities. This study seeks to address this gap by presenting innovative models and practices for integrating social media into digital geography education. Additionally, it offers new perspectives on the synergy between digital educational materials and social media platforms.

The findings indicate that while social media platforms offer significant opportunities in geography education, they also pose challenges, such as distraction and misinformation. Participants emphasized the importance of controlled and expert-guided usage of social media in teaching processes.

The strategic and conscious use of social media platforms in geography education has the potential to enhance students' academic performance. The study highlights the need for educators to develop strategies to optimize social media use while minimizing its potential drawbacks. These findings contribute to understanding the evolving role of social media in digitalized education and aim to guide future research and applications.

Keywords: Geography education, Social media, Digital transformation

The Effects of KPSS Candidates’ Instagram Usage on Study Habits: Geography Education Example

Cansu TAŞKAN — 2024-12-17

The widespread use of social media has significantly influenced individuals' daily practices, with Instagram emerging as a particularly popular platform among young adults. Its potential effects on study habits and academic performance warrant attention, yet the existing literature on its impact in educational contexts remains limited. This study aims to explore the effects of Instagram usage on the study habits and academic performance of prospective teachers preparing for the Public Personnel Selection Examination (KPSS) in geography education, using a qualitative approach.

The research employed a qualitative methodology, collecting data through semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to gain an in-depth understanding of participants’ Instagram usage patterns and their effects on motivation, attention management, and study processes. Focus group discussions provided an interactive environment to explore perceptions and attitudes towards social media usage, highlighting similarities and differences among participants. The collected data were analyzed using content analysis and categorized into key themes.

The findings reveal that Instagram usage can have both positive and negative effects on study habits and academic performance. Participants emphasized benefits such as quick access to information, increased motivation, and enhanced interaction. However, challenges such as distraction and time management issues were also noted. The study underscores the importance of media literacy in mitigating the potential drawbacks of social media and calls for balanced and controlled usage.

This study contributes to the understanding of social media’s role in educational processes, addressing a gap in the literature. The findings provide practical recommendations for improving teaching methods, enhancing educational materials, and offering better guidance to students regarding social media usage. The research highlights the need for strategies to optimize social media integration while minimizing its risks, paving the way for more effective and student-centered educational practices.

The Relationship Between the Elderly Dependent Population, Healthcare Expenditures, and Domestic Debt in Turkey

Şaban ÖNCEBE — 2024-12-17

The elderly population, especially in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, has taken a more significant place on the global agenda. The increase in the elderly population and the corresponding decline in the productive population have become a source of concern for national economies. This is due to the growing elderly population posing a significant burden in terms of healthcare and social security. The impact of this issue on Turkey is also a subject of interest, as the country experiences trends similar to those in the global economy. This study examines the relationship between the elderly dependent population, healthcare expenditures, and domestic debt in the Turkish economy for the 2000–2023 period. The domestic debt variable is used as a representation of the economic burden. While similar studies have been conducted in Turkey, no research has specifically examined the relationship between the elderly dependent population and domestic debt. The analysis of the data employs the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model, a commonly used method in time-series analysis. For stationarity testing, widely adopted unit root tests, such as the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test and the Dickey-Fuller GLS (DF-GLS) test, were applied. The findings reveal that, for the 2000–2023 period in Turkey, the elderly dependent population does not have a negative effect on domestic debt in either the short or long term. However, total healthcare expenditures have a positive effect on domestic debt in both the short and long term, indicating that increases in healthcare spending lead to a rise in domestic borrowing. Given the rising life expectancy in Turkey, it is suggested that employment opportunities be created for individuals aged 65 and above through public-private partnerships to enable this demographic to contribute economically. While this may not entirely eliminate the burden reflected in domestic debt, it could partially alleviate expenditures related to healthcare and social security.

Determination of The Erosion Rate in Sedimentary Lithological Units in the Penek Stream Basin

Ömer COŞKUN — 2024-12-17

In our country, the unconscious use of soil,one of the most important of our natural production assets, and the environmental effects and consequences of the erosion processes that occur while using the soil, emerge as a very important problem. The factors that cause erosion are explained not only by human characteristics but also by physical characteristics. In our country, the average altitude, slope and roughness are high; However, intense destruction of vegetation is the most important factor that increases erosion due to physical characteristics. In addition, heavy and flooded rainfalls in our country are another important factor that increases erosion. The amount of sediment transported from our country to the seas, reservoirs and other countries every year reaches 814,599,670 m3 per year. This high value has revealed the necessity of taking very serious measures, protecting the layer that constitutes the fertile upper part of the soil, especially against erosion, and minimizing the amount of sediment transported. In this study, it was aimed to determine the surface erosion processes and erosion severity occurring on sedimentary lithological units in the Penek Stream Basin. In the field studies carried out for this target, measurements were made using the erosion rod method, painted stone method, sediment trapping method and network method. After the measurements were recorded and the necessary analyzes were made, the factors that determine the surface erosion processes and erosion severity were explained. In the study, the effects of lithological, climatic, vegetative and edaphic factors on the formation of surface erosion were examined, and the factors that affect and increase erosion were examined by adhering to the principles of Geography rather than an engineering study. Therefore, it is thought that this study, based on the geography principles of cause (causality), effect, distribution and connection (mutual interest), will bring innovations to the literature.

Investigation of Topography and Some Land Features of Sivas Province with GIS

Fatih KARTAL — 2024-12-17

This study is based on the examination of topography and some land features of Sivas province located in the Upper Kızılırmak Basin through Geographic Information Systems (GIS). In this study, which was carried out by document analysis method, one of the qualitative research designs, the data were obtained from the SRTM Worldwide Elevation Data source and the maps produced by the General Directorate of Mapping through the Global Mapper 21.1 package program. Land Use Capability (LUC) data of Sivas province were compiled from the data created by the General Directorate of Rural Services and land use data were compiled from CORINE 2018. Topography, land cover and land use maps of the province were created with MapInfo Pro Advanced 2019.3 GIS package program. A number of query operations were performed on these maps and the statistical data obtained were converted into tables and graphs with the help of Microsoft Excel 2016 application. According to the findings obtained at the end of all these processes, it was determined that 64% of the Sivas province area is located at an elevation value above 1500 m, 40.43% of it has slope values lower than 6%, and in terms of aspect characteristics, it is equally distributed in all directions except flat parts. A large part of the Sivas provincial land, 47.15%, consists of class VII lands and these areas are not suitable for agricultural activities. The common soil types in Sivas province are brown soils with 39.17% and brown forest soils with 38.60%. 88.16% of the study area is faced with erosion problem. In terms of land use, approximately 28% of the provincial land consists of forest cover areas. As a result of all these findings, it has been determined that elevation, slope excess and erosion are the main problems seen in the provincial land and it is recommended that appropriate land use planning should be made by taking these problems into consideration.

From Civil Service to Professionalization: the Evolution of Historiography in the Ottoman State

Özen SÖYLER — 2024-12-17

Historiography in the Ottoman Empire has had a state-centered structure since the classical period. The chroniclers, who came from the administrative bureaucracy, examined various periods of history by establishing causal links between events. From the 16th century onwards, the first texts that began to emerge consisted of the presentation of important events in the recent and distant past of Devlet-i Aliye in chronological order with descriptive narratives. This tradition, which began with Yahşi Fakih, took on a relatively more professional form only after the position of vakanüvis became equivalent to that of a civil servant. In the 19th century, the influence of the developments in the field of historiography in the world and the fact that nation-building processes became associated with historiography prepared the conditions that opened the door to scientific historiography in the Ottoman Empire. In this article, the transformation of “statist” historiography into a discipline studied in higher education institutions will be evaluated from various perspectives.

Econometric Estimation Of The Validity Of Purchasing Power Parity For BRICS-T Countries

Fatma İdil BAKTEMUR — 2024-12-17

The purchasing power parity (PPP) hypothesis is an important issue in macroeconomics that has been the subject of many applied studies, and unit root analyses, used to determine stationarity, have proven to be helpful in this regard. If a unit root is present, the shocks are considered permanent, and if absent, the shocks are considered to have a temporary effect. A stationary real exchange rate implies that PPP holds, whereas the opposite does not. This study investigates the validity of PPP for which it draws upon 2017–2024 data for BRICS-T countries, namely Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa and Türkiye, and subjects them to both linear and nonlinear unit root tests. The subsequent discussion of the results reveals that PPP does not hold in these countries (no mean reversion), meaning that shocks have a permanent effect.

The Effects of Eco-system Movement in Foreign Language Instruction

Ekrem ERÖZ — 2024-12-17

Ecosystem approach to English Language instruction is based on the concept of language ecology. In this ever changing world nothing is static. After so many approaches, methods, views, and ideas, ecological approach has made its appearance on the ELT stage. The approach is new to many language teachers who equate it with teaching ecology through the foreign language teaching. This research study presents the origin of ecosystem approach, shows differences between ecological approach to foreign language teaching, presents situation of language ecology, and suggests the reasonable movements and methods in foreign language instruction.

School Culture in Fine Arts High Schools Erzurum Raci Alkır Fine Arts High School Example

Ömer COŞKUN — 2024-12-20

This article aims to examine the school culture at Erzurum Raci Alkır Fine Arts High School. Schools are important institutions where students prepare for social life and develop themselves. Fine arts high schools have a rich school culture that not only develops artistic talents but also provides opportunities for students to achieve general academic success and explore their cultural richness. These schools encourage values such as creativity, aesthetic understanding, and discipline, while also helping students develop skills in collaboration, original thinking, and contributing to society. Culture can be defined as a whole of social values and norms, and schools are both institutions that produce and carry culture. School culture not only offers artistic education to students but also supports academic success and strengthens a sense of social responsibility. At Raci Alkır Fine Arts High School, this culture aims to understand the power and social impact of art, while also helping students develop their social skills. In this context, examining school culture is of great importance for the development of the education system. The article defines school culture, explores interactions and values within the school, and investigates how these values affect educational processes. It presents significant findings about how school culture, in an education environment integrated with art, shapes students' development and contributes to society.

Systematic Review on the Use of Artificial Intelligence in the Treatment of Personality Disorders

Yağmuray EROĞLU — 2024-12-28

The purpose of this study is to assess the effectiveness of AI-supported chatbots in the treatment of personality disorders. A systematic review was used as the research method, without the inclusion of any scales or field studies. The review covered both Turkish and English resources from 2010 to 2024, which included case reports and review articles. The systematic review process took place between March 2022 and April 2024. After reviewing the literature, a total of 6 studies were analyzed. The findings suggest that AI-based chatbots offer several advantages, such as accessibility and personalization, in the diagnosis, assessment, and therapy of personality disorders. However, they also have limitations, particularly regarding ethical concerns and the recognition of emotions. It has been noted that artificial intelligence can support existing therapy processes, but further research and regulation are required for these technologies to be applied safely and effectively. Therefore, the potential of AI-supported tools to enhance treatment is significant, and it is emphasized that further studies in this area should be encouraged.

Examining Digital Competencies of Preschool Teachers

Gülhan GÜVEN — 2025-01-02

The aim of this study is to determine the digital competence levels of preschool teachers, reveal the extent and manner in which they use digital tools in educational processes, and examine the factors influencing their digital skills. As this research focuses on analyzing the digital competences of preschool teachers, it employs a descriptive qualitative case study approach based on presenting the current situation as it is. The interview method was used to explore preschool teachers' perspectives on their digital competences. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews conducted with 10 preschool teachers working in Samsun during the 2023-2024 academic year. Content analysis, one of the qualitative analysis methods, was used to analyze the data. This study examined preschool teachers' digital competences, the use of digital tools in education, and the challenges encountered. While digital technologies offer advantages such as providing material diversity, increasing children's interest, and fostering early technology adaptation, issues like technological infrastructure deficiencies, lack of pedagogical planning, and insufficient digital skills limit the effective use of these tools. Teachers viewed solutions such as training seminars and technological equipment support positively; however, shortcomings in the continuity of these supports were noted. The findings highlight the importance of targeted training programs to enhance digital competences and emphasize the need to strengthen the pedagogical integration of technology. These results provide a comprehensive roadmap for the effective integration of digital technologies into preschool education.